History textbooks tell us that the 1929 stock market crash signaled the beginning of the “Great Depression.” Warning signs of overvaluation and buying on the margin were flashing red lights that a corrective path needed to be taken to avoid Black Monday. But none of this was evident to the leading economists at the time and the stock market crash did not cause the “Great Depression.” Why the market collapsed in October 1929 and did not surpass its pre-Depression value until 1954 continues to lack a consensus among economists. The discipline of economics was still being developed in 1929. Even in hindsight, the evidence is not clear why the market crashed in 1929. The housing market crash in 2007-2008 producing a global credit crisis that reduced housing prices more than during the Great Depression was also unforeseen. Numerous books and even a Hollywood film, The Big Short, attempt to answer the question that Queen Elizabeth asked economists, “Why did nobody notice?” Major economic upheavals are not always evident in real time but only in hindsight—and not even then.
Most stocks were trading at 14 to 19 times earning in September 1929 with profits growing faster than stock prices. Some stocks were indeed overvalued and overpriced as in any market at any time. The Bull Market of the 1920s allowed credit to be extended generously so new investors only needed to purchase stock at twenty-five percent of its value, the other seventy-five percent was borrowed money from a brokerage firm. At the time of the crash, roughly 600,000 margin accounts were held by brokerage firms out of a total national population of 120 million Americans. It has been estimated that three million Americans owned stock of some sort, most of small amounts fully paid. Again, that represented less than 2.5% of the American population. Unlike today with most Americans tied to the stock market directly with retirement accounts or indirectly with managed pension plans, most Americans in the 1929 were not active in the stock market directly or indirectly. The image of vast numbers of investors jumping out of office building windows simply did not occur. In fact, as the business historian, Robert Sobel, noted, “the suicide rate was down during this period.”
At its peak on September 3, 1929, the Dow hit 381.17. The “crash” witnessed losses of 12.8% and 11.7% on Black Monday and Tuesday. The market hit bottom almost two years later at 41.2 marking a decline in value of 89.2%. As one writer described it “In less than 35 months, a dollar invested in stocks shriveled into barely more than a dime.” Surprisingly, no bank failures or major business failures occurred in the immediate aftermath of the crash. While the market crash did not cause the Great Depression, it was a factor in the economic malaise that characterized the period.
Economic downturns hurt the optimistic bullish investors but reward the pessimistic bearish investors. Several individuals who bet against or “shorted” the market became rich or richer. Percy Rockefeller, William Danforth, and Joseph P. Kennedy made millions shorting stocks at this time. They saw opportunity in what most saw as misfortune.
These five takeaways are: (1) "buy and hold" long term investing does not guarantee gains, (2) paying huge premiums for growth can be risky, (3) the next crash may come unexpectedly, (4) a crash may come even if corporate profits are rising, and (5) reaching the bottom may take much longer than most experts think.
There were many causes of the 1929 stock market crash, some of which included overinflated shares, growing bank loans, agricultural overproduction, panic selling, stocks purchased on margin, higher interest rates, and a negative media industry.
The "Great Depression " was a severe, world -wide economic disintegration symbolized in the United States by the stock market crash on "Black Thursday", October 24, 1929 . The causes of the Great Depression were many and varied, but the impact was visible across the country.
Men and women lost their life savings, feared for their jobs, and worried whether they could pay their bills. Fear and uncertainty reduced purchases of big ticket items, like automobiles, that people bought with credit. Firms – like Ford Motors – saw demand decline, so they slowed production and furloughed workers.
A number of big lessons emerged from the Great Depression, even if they have generally been studiously ignored by subsequent generations. One of the biggest was that we should never leave the financial sector to its own devices. Poorly regulated banks helped trigger the 1929 stockmarket crash by lending to speculators.
On October 29, 1929, "Black Tuesday" hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Around $14 billion of stock value was lost, wiping out thousands of investors. The panic selling reached its peak with some stocks having no buyers at any price.
Among the more prominent causes were the period of rampant speculation (those who had bought stocks on margin not only lost the value of their investment, they also owed money to the entities that had granted the loans for the stock purchases), tightening of credit by the Federal Reserve (in August 1929 the discount ...
Not everyone, however, lost money during the worst economic downturn in American history. Business titans such as William Boeing and Walter Chrysler actually grew their fortunes during the Great Depression.
Several individuals who bet against or “shorted” the market became rich or richer. Percy Rockefeller, William Danforth, and Joseph P. Kennedy made millions shorting stocks at this time. They saw opportunity in what most saw as misfortune.
Mobilizing the economy for world war finally cured the depression. Millions of men and women joined the armed forces, and even larger numbers went to work in well-paying defense jobs. World War Two affected the world and the United States profoundly; it continues to influence us even today.
Since the government provided no unemployment insurance, lost jobs quickly translated into lost homes and extreme poverty. In 1931, tent camps and shack towns began to appear.
By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the stock market crash of 1929 were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated.
The three major reasons that led to the stock market crash were overextended credit, uncontrolled spending, and overproduction. The stock market crash of 1929 was considered the worst economic event in world history.
The key factor in turning national economic difficulties into worldwide Depression seems to have been a lack of international coordination as most governments and financial institutions turned inwards.
Several individuals who bet against or “shorted” the market became rich or richer. Percy Rockefeller, William Danforth, and Joseph P. Kennedy made millions shorting stocks at this time. They saw opportunity in what most saw as misfortune.
The main cause of the Wall Street crash of 1929 was the long period of speculation that preceded it, during which millions of people invested their savings or borrowed money to buy stocks, pushing prices to unsustainable levels.
The Federal Reserve could have prevented deflation by preventing the collapse of the banking system or by counteracting the collapse with an expansion of the monetary base, but it failed to do so for several reasons. The economic collapse was unforeseen and unprecedented.
Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world.
Introduction: My name is Patricia Veum II, I am a vast, combative, smiling, famous, inexpensive, zealous, sparkling person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.
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