The Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Measuring Financial Risk (2024)

The debt to equity ratio indicates how much debt and how much equity a business uses to finance its operations.

A company's debt is its long-term debt such as loans with a maturity of greater than one year. Equity is shareholder’s equity or what the investors in your business own. If your business is a small business that is a sole proprietorship and you are the only owner, your investment in the business would be the shareholder’s equity.

The Debt to Equity Ratio

Debt and equity compose a company’s capital structure or how it finances its operations. Debt and equity both have advantages and disadvantages. The debt to equity ratio can be used as a measure of the risk that a business cannot repay its financial obligations.

Note

Debt and equity both have advantages and disadvantages. The debt to equity ratio can be used as a measure of the risk that a business cannot repay its financial obligations.

The debt and equity components come from the right side of the firm’s balance sheet. Debt is what the firm owes its creditors plus interest. In the debt to equity ratio, only long-term debt is used in the equation. Long-term debt is debt that has a maturity of more than one year. Long-term debt includes mortgages, long-term leases, and other long-term loans.

If you have a $50,000 loan and $10,000 is due this year, the $10,000 is considered a current liability and the remaining $40,000 is considered a long-term liability or long-term debt. When calculating the debt to equity ratio, you use the entire $40,000 in the numerator of the equation.

Shareholder’s equity, if your firm is incorporated, is the sum of paid-in capital, the contributed capital above the par value of the stock, and retained earnings. The company’s retained earnings are the profits not paid out as dividends to shareholders. Contributed capital is the value shareholders paid in for their shares.

Shareholder’s equity is the value of the company’s total assets less its total liabilities. The remainder is the shareholder ownership of the company. It is the denominator in the debt to equity equation.

Calculating the Debt to Equity Ratio

The debt to equity ratio is calculated by dividing the total long-term debt of the business by the book value of the shareholder’s equity of the business or, in the case of a sole proprietorship, the owner’s investment:

Debt to Equity = (Total Long-Term Debt)/Shareholder’s Equity

Even though shareholder’s equity should be stated on a book value basis, you can substitute market value since book value understates the value of the equity. Market value is what an investor would pay for one share of the firm's stock.

Understanding the Debt to Equity Ratio

The debt to equity ratio shows a company’s debt as a percentage of its shareholder’s equity. If the debt to equity ratio is less than 1.0, then the firm is generally less risky than firms whose debt to equity ratio is greater than 1.0..

If the company, for example, has a debt to equity ratio of .50, it means that it uses 50 cents of debt financing for every $1 of equity financing.

Firms whose ratio is greater than 1.0 use more debt in financing their operations than equity. If the ratio is less than 1.0, they use more equity than debt.

If a company has a ratio of 1.25, it uses $1.25 in debt financing for every $1 of debt financing.

Understanding the debt to equity ratio in this way is important to allow the management of a company to understand how to finance the operations of the business firm.

This ratio is a measure of financial risk or financial leverage. In the previous example, the company with the 50% debt to equity ratio is less risky than the firm with the 1.25 debt to equity ratio since debt is a riskier form of financing than equity. Along with being a part of the financial leverage ratios, the debt to equity ratio is also a part of the group of ratios called gearing ratios.

Interpreting the Results

As with any ratio, the debt-to-equity ratio offers more meaning and insight when compared to the same calculation for different historical financial periods. If a company’s debt to equity ratio has risen dramatically over time, the company may have an aggressive growth strategy being funded by debt.

Note

If a company’s debt to equity ratio has risen dramatically over time, the company may have an aggressive growth strategy being funded by debt.

This increasing leverage (using debt to finance growth) adds additional risk to the companyand increases expenses due to the higher interest costs and debt.​

The debt to equity ratio can be misleading unless it is used along with industry average ratios and financial information to determine how the company is using debt and equity as compared to its industry. Companies that are heavily capital intensive may have higher debt to equity ratios while service firms will have lower ratios.

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The Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Measuring Financial Risk (2024)

FAQs

The Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Measuring Financial Risk? ›

Generally speaking, a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.5 or less is considered good. A high debt-to-equity ratio indicates that a company funds its operations and growth primarily with debt, indicating a higher risk profile because they have more debt to repay.

How does debt-to-equity ratio determine financial risk? ›

The Debt to Equity Ratio (D/E) measures a company's financial risk by comparing its total outstanding debt obligations to the value of its shareholders' equity account.

Is the debt ratio a measure of financial risk? ›

The debt ratio is valuable for evaluating a company's financial structure and risk profile. If the ratio is over 1, a company has more debt than assets. If the ratio is below 1, the company has more assets than debt.

What does the debt-to-equity ratio measure? ›

The debt-to-equity ratio measures your company's total debt relative to the amount originally invested by the owners and the earnings that have been retained over time.

What ratio measures financial risk? ›

The most common ratios used by investors to measure a company's level of risk are the interest coverage ratio, the degree of combined leverage, the debt-to-capital ratio, and the debt-to-equity ratio.

Why is debt ratio a good indicator of risk? ›

If a company has a negative debt ratio, this would mean that the company has negative shareholder equity. In other words, the company's liabilities outnumber its assets. In most cases, this is considered a very risky sign, indicating that the company may be at risk of bankruptcy.

How is the debt-to-equity ratio measures a company's risk and is calculated? ›

The debt to equity ratio measures a company's risk and is calculated as total liabilities divided by stockholders' equity. O O Return on assets is calculated as net income divided by the ending balance for total.

What is a good ratio of debt-to-equity? ›

The ideal debt to equity ratio is 2:1. This means that at no given point of time should the debt be more than twice the equity because it becomes riskier to pay back and hence there is a fear of bankruptcy.

What is a bad debt-to-equity ratio? ›

The maximum acceptable debt-to-equity ratio for more companies is between 1.5-2 or less. Large companies having a value higher than 2 of the debt-to-equity ratio is acceptable. 3. A debt-to-equity ratio indicates that a company may not be able to generate enough cash to satisfy its debt obligations.

What does the debt-to-equity ratio indicate quizlet? ›

The debt to equity ratio indicates the extent of reliance on creditors, rather than owners, in providing resources. The debt to equity ratio indicates the extent of trading on the equity by using financial leverage.

How do we measure financial risk? ›

Risk management involves identifying and analyzing risk in an investment and deciding whether or not to accept that risk given the expected returns for the investment. Some common measurements of risk include standard deviation, Sharpe ratio, beta, value at risk (VaR), conditional value at risk (CVaR), and R-squared.

What are solvency ratios and their role in financial risk assessment? ›

A solvency ratio measures how well a company's cash flow can cover its long-term debt. Solvency ratios are a key metric for assessing the financial health of a company and can be used to determine the likelihood that a company will default on its debt.

What does the debt to equity ratio primarily assess in financial strategic analysis? ›

The debt-to-equity ratio is primarily used to evaluate a company's ability to raise cash from new debt. That assessment is made by comparing the ratio to other companies in the same industry. The higher a company's debt-to-equity ratio, the more it is said to be leveraged.

Does a higher debt equity ratio result in a higher financial risk? ›

A higher debt to equity ratio indicates that more creditor financing (bank loans) is used than investor financing (shareholders). Higher use of debt increases the fixed financial charges (Interest on Debt) of a firm. As a result, increased used of debt increases the financial risk of a firm.

Is a higher debt-to-equity ratio more risky? ›

The debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio is a metric that provides insight into a company's use of debt. In general, a company with a high D/E ratio is considered a higher risk to lenders and investors because it suggests that the company is financing a significant amount of its potential growth through borrowing.

What is the difference between debt and equity How do they relate to financial risk? ›

Debt financing can be riskier if you are not profitable as there will be loan pressure from your lenders. However, equity financing can be risky if your investors expect you to turn a healthy profit, which they often do. If they are unhappy, they could try and negotiate for cheaper equity or divest altogether.

Does the debt equity ratio determines the amount of risk that is associated with a firm? ›

A debt-to-equity ratio measures a company's financial leverage by comparing total liabilities to its shareholder equity. A higher debt-to-equity ratio is often associated with risk, while lower ratios are considered safe.

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